TheDentist

Introduction Of several treatment modalities to treat severe skeletal malposition (malocclusion), orthodontic camouflage and orthognathic surgery are most commonly used modalities. Before we actually plan for orthognathic surgery in correcting skeletal mal relation, dental malocclusion is treated first, referred to as pre-surgical orthodontics . Compensation is a natural phenomena of developmental adjustment towards working in balance and maintaining homeostasis. This has been defined as," process or mechanism by which development of dental and alveolar arches are controlled so as to secure occlusion of teeth and adaptation to basal parts of the jaw." - Bjork Examples: In cases of skeletal class II, to compensate for the skeletal discrepancies the upper incisors are retroclined and lower incisors are proclined.  In cases of skeletal class III, lower incisors are retroclined and upper incisors are proclined.  In skeletal open bite cases, posteriors dentoalveolar seg

Introduction Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols. Speech is vocalised form of human communication describing thoughts, feelings, or perceptions by the articulation of words. According to Boucher, speech is classified as; vowels consonants Consonant sounds are most important from the dental point of view. They may be classified according to the anatomic parts involved in their formation: (1) Bilabial sounds; formed by lips, (2) Labiodental sounds; formed by lips and teeth, (3) Linguodental sounds; formed by tongue and teeth, (4) Linguoalveolar sounds; formed by the tip of the andanterior most part of palate (5) Linguopalatal and Linguovelar sounds,truly palatal sounds A. Bilabial Sounds B,p and m are representatives of the bilabial group of sounds. Formed by the stream of air coming from the lungs which meets with no resistance alo

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Introduction: ·        Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a microbial disease of the gingiva in a patient with an impaired host response characterized by severe necrosis of the free gingival margin, the crest of the gingiva and interdental papilla. ·        Also called a ‘ Trench Mouth ’, ‘ Vincent’s disease’ , ‘ Vincent’s angina’, ‘Phagedenic gingivitis’. Etiology: ·         Mixed bacterial infection that includes anaerobes such as Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium as well as spirochetes, such as Treponema . Risk factors: A.     Local Factors: i. Contributing to accumulation of bacteria o    Pre-existing gingivitis o    Poor oral hygiene o    Overhanging restorations o    Malpositioned   teeth o    Calculus o    Food impaction ii. Contributing to local ischemia o    Cigarette smoking o    Alcoholism B.      Systemic factors: i.                     Immunocompromised state (eg. HIV/AIDS, Leukemia, cyclic neutropenia) ii.     

Introduction: Kole in 1959 published his series on subapical osteotomy for the correction of anterior open bite deformity.  The conventional Kole osteotomy  an alter the symmetric bone architecture of the chin and jeopardize the blood supply of the sandwich segments. Thus, Modified Kole procedure  close anterior open bite as well as correct anterior and vertical macrogenia without sacrificing the lower most symphyseal segment, in comparison with conventional Kole's osteotomy. This procedure can be used for the correction of localized deformities such as mild to severe open bites and similar major asymmetric segmental deformities. Surgical Technique: The subapical osteotomy cuts were made between the first and second premolar without extractions. The subapical osteotomy segment is repositioned superiorly as in standard Kole's technique to correct the open bite. A low level genioplasty is performed to remove a wedge shaped bicortical bone.  This bone wedge was us

Brin's Hypothesis suggest that,"Alveolar ostitis occurs when fibrinolysis or other proteolytic activity in and around the alveolus is capable of destroying blood clot." Partial or complete lysis and destruction of the blood clot was caused by tissue kinases liberated during inflammation by a direct or indirect activation of plasminogen in the blood. There are multiple plasminogen activators; Direct Activators           a. Intrinsic: Factor XIIa dependent activators, Urokinase           b. Extrinsic: Tissue Plasminogen activators (TPA), Endothelial Plasminogen activators (EPA) 2. Indirect Activators (Produced by bacteria)           - Streptokinase           - Staphylokinase Fibrinolytic pathway Pain in Dry socket in and around the alveolus is a cardinal sign that is sharp, severe, excurciating, increases in intersity somewhere between 3-5 days and is usually associated with foul breath. Brin also explained the cause of pain in dry socket by kinin p

Microbiologic Specificity of Periodontal disease Non-specific Plaque Hypothesis Specific Plaque Hypothesis Ecological Plaque Hypothesis Keystone Pathogens Hypothesis Non- Specific Plaque Hypothesis “Periodontal disease results from the elaboration of noxious products by the entire plaque flora”-  Theilade in 1986 .  According to proponents of this concept, the quantity of plaque was important rather than the quality of microorganisms present. They believed; When only small amount of plaque are present they are neutralized by host. Similarly, large amount of plaque produces large amount of noxious products, which would essentially overwhelm the hosts defense causing tissue destruction. Most of if not all periodontal treatment including debridement and oral hygiene maintenance is founded on this hypothesis. This theory is now discarded because: 1.  Some individuals with considerable amount of  plaque and calculus as well as gingivitis never  developed destruc

Plaque as A biofilm (TU) The term biofilm described the relatively indefinable microbial community associated with a tooth surface or any other hard, non-shedding materials. (Wildere and Charaklis 1989) Biofilm consist of one or more communities of microorganisms embedded in glycocalyx that are attached to solid surfaces. (Costerton et al 1994) Bacteria in the center of a microcolony may live in a strict anaerobic environment, while other bacteria at the edges of the fluid channels may live in an aerobic environment. Thus, the biofilm structure provides a range of customized living environments (with differing pHs, nutrient availability, and oxygen concentrations) within which bacteria with different physiological needs can survive. The extracellular slime layer is a protective barrier that surrounds the mushroom shaped bacterial colonies. The slime layer protects the bacterial microcolonies from antibiotics, antimicrobials, and host defense mechanisms. A series of